Prevalence of oral and maxillofacial lesions in children and adolescents at a regional Brazilian oral pathology service: a retrospective study and the relevant literature review.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the prevalence of maxillofacial lesions in children, i.e., 0-9 years, and adolescents, i.e., 10-19 years, in a Brazilian Oral Pathology Service and compared results with available literature. METHODS: Clinical and histopathological records from January 2007 to August 2020 were analysed and a literature review investigating maxillofacial lesions in paediatric populations was also performed. RESULTS: Overall, "reactive salivary gland lesions" and "reactive connective tissue lesions" were the most prevalent group of soft tissue lesions, affecting children and adolescents equally. From these, mucocele and pyogenic granuloma were the most prevalent histological diagnoses, respectively, regardless of age. These findings were consistent with the 32 studies included. Considering intraosseous lesions, "odontogenic cysts" and "periapical inflammatory lesions" were the most prevalent groups, with no relevant differences between age groups, except for the odontogenic keratocyst, which was more prevalent in adolescents. Moreover, several odontogenic tumours, such as ameloblastic fibroma and odontogenic myxoma, were significantly more prevalent in children. CONCLUSION: Most maxillofacial lesions presented a similar prevalence between children and adolescents. Reactive salivary gland lesions and reactive connective tissue lesions were the prevailing diagnostic categories, regardless of age. Some odontogenic tumours and the odontogenic keratocyst showed significantly different frequencies across these age groups.

Morphological analysis of the skeletal development in lateral cephalometric radiographs of HIV infected children ongoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the skeletal development of HIV infected children through a morphological analysis of the cervical vertebrae (CV) in lateral cephalometric radiographs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 86 lateral cephalometric radiographs of male and female children aged between 6 and 14 years old. The radiographs were equally distributed in groups 1 (HIV infected children) and 2 (non-infected children, paired by sex and age). Two examiners analyzed the CV according to the method of Hassel and Farman (1995). Spearman correlation coefficient was used to associate age and skeletal development within groups, while Mann-Whitney test compared the skeletal development between groups. RESULTS: The correlation of age and skeletal development in group 1 reached 0.17, 0.27 and 0.27 (p>0.05) for C2, C3 and C4, respectively, while in group 2 it reached 0.65, 0.54 and 0.60, respectively (p<0.001). Differences were not significant between groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HIV infected and non-infected children showed a similar development of the CV. However, the weak correlation between age and CV development in HIV infected children highlights the need for careful decisions prior to therapeutic approaches - especially those founded on the prediction of skeletal development, such as maxillofacial surgeries, and orthopedic and orthodontic procedures.

Carcinoma de seno maxilar en paciente con liquen plano oral: Presentación de un caso clínico / Maxillary sinus carcinoma in a patient with oral lichen planus: A case report

Mujer de 55 años de edad, fumadora, depresiva, con Liquen Plano Oral (LPO) de control clínico difícil, de más de 10 años de evolución. La paciente ha presentado períodos de remisión y exacerbación de las lesiones, de forma paralela presentó aumento de volumen intraoral en región maxilar izquierda, la superficie de la nueva lesión estaba ulcerada, y desprendía olor fétido en región alveolar sometida a exodoncias previas. El diagnóstico clínico inicial fue de una probable transformación maligna del LPO preexistente. Una biopsia incisional confirmó la presencia de carcinoma de células escamosas. Los exámenes tomográficos revelaron una amplia imagen destructiva dentro del seno maxilar, con zonas de erosión ósea en las estructuras adyacentes. Con la asociación de datos clínicos y de imagen llegamos al diagnóstico de carcinoma de células escamosas en seno maxilar. La paciente fue sometida a maxilectomía parcial y radioterapia adyuvante. Después de algunos meses, se manifestó la recidiva local con el agravamiento del cuadro clínico del paciente. Se instauró la quimioterapia paliativa adyuvante, sin éxito clínico. La paciente murió después de un año de tratamiento, debido a trombosis (AU)

Patient with difficult-to-manage oral lichen planus, with relapses and exacerbations over a 10-year period, presented with a large ulcerative and foul-smelling intraoral mass in the left maxillary region. The initial clinical diagnosis indicated squamous cell carcinoma with possible association with previous history of lichen planus at the site. The incisional biopsy confirmed the presence of squamous cell carcinoma. The imaging exams revealed extensive involvement of the adjacent maxillary sinus cavity, with areas of bone erosion. The association of clinical, imaging and laboratory data indicated maxillary sinus carcinoma. The patient underwent maxillectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy. Local relapse and deterioration of symptoms occurred, and palliative chemotherapy was then used. The patient was refractory to chemotherapy and died one year later (AU)

In vitro study of enamel erosion caused by soft drinks and lemon juice in deciduous teeth analysed by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

The erosion caused in vitro by cola-type and guaraná-type beverages (the latter is a soft drink sold in Brazil), and a canned lemon juice on the enamel of human deciduous teeth was analyzed. Morphological analysis of affected enamel was done using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The harmful effect of all test products on deciduous enamel was clearly demonstrated. Stereomicroscopy showed loss of gloss and an alteration in normal color of enamel, with irregular loss of dental tissue in variable degrees. Such a loss became more serious as the time of incubation increased. Different degrees of solubilization of enamel prisms were demonstrated by SEM, affecting initially the sheaths and the heads of prisms and later their tails. Areas of erosion increased in proportion to the time of incubation. All the products showed a great erosive potential on human deciduous dental enamel.